自然資源部法規司司長   魏(wei)莉(li)華

2021年(nian)7月2日(ri)，國(guo)務院(yuan)總(zong)理(li)(li)李克強簽署第(di)743號國(guo)務院(yuan)令，公布新(xin)修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)的(de)《土地(di)管理(li)(li)法(fa)實(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)例》，自2021年(nian)9月1日(ri)起施(shi)行。這是(shi)《土地(di)管理(li)(li)法(fa)實(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)例》自1998年(nian)全(quan)面(mian)修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)后的(de)第(di)二次全(quan)面(mian)修(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)，是(shi)保證2019年(nian)新(xin)修(xiu)正的(de)《土地(di)管理(li)(li)法(fa)》順利實(shi)施(shi)的(de)重要法(fa)律武器。新(xin)《土地(di)管理(li)(li)法(fa)實(shi)施(shi)條(tiao)例》諸(zhu)多亮點(dian)值得關(guan)注：

1998年的《土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管理(li)法(fa)》及《土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管理(li)法(fa)實(shi)施條例》均將控(kong)制(zhi)農(nong)(nong)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建設用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)用(yong)途管制(zhi)的核心和(he)重(zhong)點，對農(nong)(nong)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之間(jian)的轉(zhuan)化(hua)缺乏制(zhi)度(du)性的約束，導致實(shi)踐中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)林地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、草地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、園(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等現(xian)象大量存在，嚴(yan)重(zhong)影(ying)響(xiang)國家(jia)糧食(shi)安全。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)此，新的《土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管理(li)法(fa)實(shi)施條例》專(zhuan)門增加規定(ding)：國家(jia)對耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)實(shi)行特殊保護(hu)，嚴(yan)守(shou)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)保護(hu)紅線(xian)，嚴(yan)格控(kong)制(zhi)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)林地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、草地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、園(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等其他農(nong)(nong)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)應當優先用(yong)于糧食(shi)和(he)棉、油、糖、蔬菜(cai)等農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品生產(chan)。按照國家(jia)有關規定(ding)需要(yao)將耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)林地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、草地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、園(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等其他農(nong)(nong)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的，應當優先使用(yong)難以長期穩定(ding)利用(yong)的耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。從而進一步(bu)拓展(zhan)了土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)用(yong)途管制(zhi)的重(zhong)點和(he)內(nei)容。

加強耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)，必(bi)須首先明確(que)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)責任主體。新的(de)《土地(di)(di)管理(li)法實(shi)(shi)(shi)施條例》在總結多(duo)年來黨中(zhong)央、國(guo)務院(yuan)關于(yu)強化耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)責任主體制(zhi)度實(shi)(shi)(shi)施經驗的(de)基礎上，首次從行(xing)政(zheng)法規層(ceng)面明確(que)了耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)責任主體，規定：省(sheng)(sheng)、自(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)、直(zhi)轄市人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)對本(ben)行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)負總責，其主要負責人(ren)是本(ben)行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)第一責任人(ren)。省(sheng)(sheng)、自(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)、直(zhi)轄市人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)應當將國(guo)務院(yuan)確(que)定的(de)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)有量和永久基本(ben)農(nong)田(tian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)任務分(fen)解(jie)下達，落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)到地(di)(di)塊。國(guo)務院(yuan)對省(sheng)(sheng)、自(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)、直(zhi)轄市人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府(fu)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)責任目(mu)標落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)情(qing)況進行(xing)考核。

為貫徹落實(shi)(shi)黨中(zhong)央、國(guo)務院關于加強(qiang)對耕地(di)保(bao)(bao)護責任主體的(de)(de)(de)補(bu)償(chang)激勵，積(ji)極推進中(zhong)央和地(di)方各級(ji)涉農(nong)資金整合，按照“誰(shui)保(bao)(bao)護、誰(shui)受益”的(de)(de)(de)原則，加大耕地(di)保(bao)(bao)護補(bu)償(chang)力(li)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)要求，新的(de)(de)(de)《土地(di)管(guan)理(li)法實(shi)(shi)施條(tiao)例》在總結全(quan)國(guo)部(bu)分地(di)方實(shi)(shi)施耕地(di)保(bao)(bao)護補(bu)償(chang)制(zhi)度(du)(du)成功經(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，對建(jian)立(li)耕地(di)保(bao)(bao)護補(bu)償(chang)制(zhi)度(du)(du)做出(chu)明確規定(ding)：國(guo)家建(jian)立(li)耕地(di)保(bao)(bao)護補(bu)償(chang)制(zhi)度(du)(du)。耕地(di)保(bao)(bao)護補(bu)償(chang)制(zhi)度(du)(du)具體辦法和實(shi)(shi)施步驟(zou)由國(guo)務院自然資源主管(guan)部(bu)門會同有關部(bu)門規定(ding)。

新的《土地(di)管(guan)理法實(shi)施條(tiao)例(li)》以維護被征地(di)農民合法權益為(wei)核心，對《土地(di)管(guan)理法》規(gui)定(ding)的土地(di)征收程序進(jin)行了細化規(gui)定(ding)。主要(yao)包括：

（1）發布土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)征(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)預公告，啟動土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)征(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)。市、縣(xian)人民政府認為(wei)符(fu)合《土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)管理法》第四十(shi)五條(tiao)規定的公共(gong)利益，需要啟動土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)征(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)的，發布土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)征(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)預公告，開(kai)展土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)現(xian)狀調查和社(she)會穩定風險評(ping)估；

（2）組(zu)織編制征地(di)補償安置方案(an)，并進行公告和(he)聽證；

（3）簽訂(ding)征(zheng)地(di)補償(chang)安置協(xie)議(yi)，對個別(bie)難以達(da)成(cheng)征(zheng)地(di)安置協(xie)議(yi)的(de)，在申請(qing)征(zheng)收(shou)土(tu)地(di)時如實說明；

（4）申(shen)請土地征(zheng)收審批；

（5）土(tu)地征(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)經依法批準(zhun)后發布(bu)(bu)土(tu)地征(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)公(gong)告，公(gong)布(bu)(bu)土(tu)地征(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)范圍和征(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)時間，對個別未達成征(zheng)(zheng)地補償(chang)協議的作出征(zheng)(zheng)地補償(chang)安置決定；

（6）實施土地征(zheng)收。

新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)《土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)管理法(fa)實施(shi)條例》在(zai)《土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)管理法(fa)》關于集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)性(xing)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)入(ru)市(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，進一步明(ming)確入(ru)市(shi)(shi)(shi)交易(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)則，要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)國土(tu)(tu)(tu)空間規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)要(yao)(yao)合(he)(he)理安排集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)性(xing)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)布(bu)局和(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途，促進集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)性(xing)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)節約集(ji)約利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時，明(ming)確了集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)性(xing)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)出(chu)讓(rang)、出(chu)租(zu)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)編制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)審查(cha)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，規(gui)(gui)(gui)定：土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)所(suo)有(you)權人(ren)應(ying)(ying)當依據規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)條件(jian)、產業準入(ru)和(he)生態環境保(bao)護要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，編制(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)讓(rang)、出(chu)租(zu)方(fang)案(an)，報市(shi)(shi)(shi)、縣(xian)人(ren)民政(zheng)府。集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)性(xing)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)出(chu)讓(rang)、出(chu)租(zu)應(ying)(ying)當簽(qian)訂書(shu)(shu)面合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，并(bing)(bing)對(dui)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)(ying)當包括的(de)(de)(de)內容進行了明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)定。對(dui)通(tong)過出(chu)讓(rang)方(fang)式取得的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)體(ti)(ti)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)性(xing)建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)再轉(zhuan)讓(rang)的(de)(de)(de)，也應(ying)(ying)當簽(qian)訂書(shu)(shu)面合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，并(bing)(bing)通(tong)知土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)所(suo)有(you)權人(ren)。

新的《土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)管理法(fa)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)條例》將“宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)管理”單列一節，對宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)布局和(he)建設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)指(zhi)標(biao)安(an)排作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)明確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，要求(qiu)縣級(ji)以上地(di)(di)(di)方人民(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)府(fu)應當(dang)按照國家(jia)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)安(an)排建設(she)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)指(zhi)標(biao)，合(he)(he)理保障(zhang)本行(xing)政(zheng)區域內(nei)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)需(xu)求(qiu)，鄉(xiang)（鎮）、縣、市國土(tu)(tu)空間規(gui)(gui)劃和(he)村(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)規(gui)(gui)劃應當(dang)科學劃定(ding)(ding)(ding)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)范圍。針(zhen)對部分地(di)(di)(di)方在合(he)(he)村(cun)(cun)并(bing)居中(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現的侵犯農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)合(he)(he)法(fa)權益的問題，新的《土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)管理法(fa)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)條例》專門(men)作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)(chu)四(si)個禁止(zhi)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)：禁止(zhi)違背(bei)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)意愿強(qiang)制流轉(zhuan)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)，禁止(zhi)違法(fa)收回(hui)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)依法(fa)取得的宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)，禁止(zhi)以退出(chu)(chu)(chu)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)為(wei)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)進城落(luo)戶的條件，禁止(zhi)強(qiang)迫農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)(min)搬(ban)遷退出(chu)(chu)(chu)宅(zhai)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)。

新(xin)的(de)《土(tu)地管理法實施條例》在《土(tu)地管理法》關于調整農用地轉(zhuan)用審批權限、取消省級人民(min)政府批準的(de)征地報國務院備案的(de)基礎(chu)上，持(chi)續優化建設用地審批流(liu)程，深化“放(fang)管服(fu)”改革：

一是(shi)合并預(yu)審和選(xuan)址(zhi)意(yi)見書(shu)，規定：建設(she)項(xiang)目需(xu)要申請核發(fa)選(xuan)址(zhi)意(yi)見書(shu)的，應當合并辦理建設(she)項(xiang)目用地預(yu)審與(yu)選(xuan)址(zhi)意(yi)見書(shu)，核發(fa)建設(she)項(xiang)目預(yu)審與(yu)選(xuan)址(zhi)意(yi)見書(shu)；

二是(shi)減少審批(pi)層級，規(gui)定市縣人民(min)政府(fu)組織(zhi)自然資源等部(bu)門擬定農用地轉(zhuan)用方案，報有批(pi)準(zhun)權的人民(min)政府(fu)批(pi)準(zhun)，刪去(qu)原來“逐級”上報審批(pi)的規(gui)定；

三是簡(jian)化建設用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)報批材(cai)料，將現行的(de)(de)(de)“一書四方案”（建設用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)呈(cheng)報書和農用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)用(yong)方案、補充耕地(di)(di)(di)方案、征收土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)方案和供地(di)(di)(di)方案）合并調整，按照“批什(shen)(shen)么就(jiu)審什(shen)(shen)么”的(de)(de)(de)要求，整合為(wei)農用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)用(yong)方案和土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)征收申請，并明確了有批準權的(de)(de)(de)人民政府(fu)對農用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)轉(zhuan)用(yong)方案和土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)征收申請審查的(de)(de)(de)要點(dian)；

四(si)是(shi)(shi)明確國務院和省級(ji)人民政府(fu)在土地(di)征(zheng)收(shou)審批(pi)中(zhong)，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)對土地(di)征(zheng)收(shou)的必(bi)要(yao)性、合理性、是(shi)(shi)否符(fu)(fu)合《土地(di)管理法(fa)(fa)》第四(si)十五條(tiao)規(gui)定的公共(gong)利益確需征(zheng)收(shou)土地(di)情形以及是(shi)(shi)否符(fu)(fu)合法(fa)(fa)定程序進行審查；

五是(shi)將征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)地(di)補償安(an)置方案的(de)(de)決定權交由縣(xian)級(ji)以(yi)上(shang)地(di)方人(ren)(ren)(ren)民政府(fu)負責。國務院或者省、自(zi)治區(qu)、直(zhi)轄市人(ren)(ren)(ren)民政府(fu)批準土地(di)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)收后(hou)，對于(yu)個別未達成(cheng)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)地(di)補償安(an)置協議(yi)的(de)(de)，由縣(xian)級(ji)以(yi)上(shang)地(di)方人(ren)(ren)(ren)民政府(fu)作(zuo)出征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)地(di)補償安(an)置決定，并組織實(shi)施，以(yi)體現權責對等，進一步壓實(shi)了(le)市縣(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民政府(fu)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)地(di)補償安(an)置的(de)(de)主體責任(ren)。 

將主體(ti)(ti)功能區規劃(hua)、土(tu)(tu)地(di)利用(yong)規劃(hua)、城(cheng)鄉規劃(hua)等(deng)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規劃(hua)融合(he)為統一的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規劃(hua)，是(shi)黨中央作(zuo)出的(de)(de)(de)重大決策部署。新的(de)(de)(de)《土(tu)(tu)地(di)管(guan)理法實(shi)施條例》在《土(tu)(tu)地(di)管(guan)理法》關于(yu)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規劃(hua)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)和(he)(he)編(bian)制要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，用(yong)“國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規劃(hua)”取代原來的(de)(de)(de)“土(tu)(tu)地(di)利用(yong)總體(ti)(ti)規劃(hua)”，明(ming)確了國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力和(he)(he)內容，規定(ding)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規劃(hua)應(ying)當統籌布局農業、生態、城(cheng)鎮(zhen)等(deng)功能空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，劃(hua)定(ding)落實(shi)永久基本農田、生態保護紅(hong)線和(he)(he)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)開發邊界。國(guo)土(tu)空間(jian)(jian)規劃應(ying)當包(bao)括國(guo)土(tu)空間(jian)(jian)開發保(bao)護格局和規劃用地布(bu)局、結構、用途管制要求(qiu)等內容，明(ming)確(que)建設用地規模、耕地保(bao)有(you)量、永久基本(ben)農(nong)田保(bao)護面積(ji)和生態保(bao)護紅線等要求(qiu)，提高土(tu)地節約(yue)集約(yue)利(li)用水平，保(bao)障土(tu)地的(de)可持續利(li)用。 

臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)是指建設(she)(she)項目施(shi)工、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質勘查等(deng)需要臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。針對實踐(jian)中存在的(de)(de)臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)期(qi)限過于單一(yi)、臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)復(fu)墾責任不落實等(deng)情形，新的(de)(de)《土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管理(li)法實施(shi)條例》對臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管理(li)作出(chu)創(chuang)新規定(ding)，明確臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)應當盡(jin)量(liang)不占或者少占耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)期(qi)限一(yi)般不超過二年。建設(she)(she)周期(qi)較長的(de)(de)交通、水利、能源等(deng)基礎設(she)(she)施(shi)建設(she)(she)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，期(qi)限不超過四(si)年，法律、行政(zheng)法規另(ling)有(you)規定(ding)的(de)(de)除外。土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)使用(yong)(yong)者應當自臨(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)期(qi)滿之(zhi)日(ri)起一(yi)年內(nei)完成(cheng)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)復(fu)墾，使其達到可供利用(yong)(yong)狀態。 

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