產業園區規劃環評與排污許可銜接建議
產(chan)業園(yuan)區(qu)的固定污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)源集中、污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)強(qiang)度大、環(huan)境污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)問(wen)題(ti)突出。園(yuan)區(qu)規(gui)劃環(huan)評和排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)許(xu)可作為污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)防控(kong)(kong)的重要手(shou)段(duan),對(dui)園(yuan)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)防控(kong)(kong),尤其是污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)總量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)發揮了重要作用(yong)。園(yuan)區(qu)規(gui)劃環(huan)評承擔著污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)源頭預(yu)防功能,以“面(mian)”為主兼顧重點(dian)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)源“點(dian)”的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),以園(yuan)區(qu)、行業及(ji)重點(dian)企(qi)業污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)底(di)線作為環(huan)境準入(ru)門檻(jian)。排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)許(xu)可則(ze)聚(ju)焦企(qi)事業單位“點(dian)”的控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi),通過(guo)載明污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)及(ji)其信(xin)息(xi),精準控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)點(dian)源污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)(ran)物(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)總量。
但這兩類手段在污(wu)染防(fang)控(kong)對象、介入時期、防(fang)控(kong)方式等方面(mian)存(cun)在差異(yi),引發(fa)了一些問(wen)題。筆者認(ren)為,應完善二者銜接路徑,強(qiang)化制(zhi)度融合,為園區環(huan)境高水平(ping)保護(hu)、經濟高質量發(fa)展保駕護(hu)航。
優化總量控制目標及分配方式
優化總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)管理模式,將(jiang)(jiang)園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)作(zuo)為分解總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)重點單元,有的(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)矢地(di)確定(ding)(ding)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)。將(jiang)(jiang)區(qu)(qu)域“三線一(yi)單”或(huo)園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)規劃環(huan)(huan)評依(yi)據所在區(qu)(qu)域或(huo)流域環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)改(gai)善目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)測算出來的(de)(de)、基于環(huan)(huan)境(jing)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)允許(xu)排放(fang)(fang)(fang)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)底線),作(zuo)為園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)污(wu)染物控制(zhi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)。這一(yi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)應根據區(qu)(qu)域或(huo)園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)及(ji)其下風向(xiang)等周邊(bian)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(水(shui)體上(shang)下游)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)現狀和目(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao),考(kao)慮(lv)區(qu)(qu)域氣象、水(shui)文條(tiao)件(jian)等相(xiang)關因素,按照最不利(li)條(tiao)件(jian)分析,并預留一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)安全(quan)余量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),同(tong)時(shi)作(zuo)為園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)固定(ding)(ding)污(wu)染源排污(wu)許(xu)可總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)上(shang)限(xian)和排污(wu)許(xu)可證發(fa)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)依(yi)據,實現排污(wu)許(xu)可核(he)定(ding)(ding)方(fang)式從達標(biao)(biao)(biao)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)排放(fang)(fang)(fang)向(xiang)與環(huan)(huan)境(jing)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)掛(gua)鉤的(de)(de)核(he)定(ding)(ding)排放(fang)(fang)(fang)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)方(fang)式轉變。
細化、優(you)化“三線一單”允許排放量核算,對(dui)產業(ye)園(yuan)區等重點控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)單元建立(li)起不同季節、不同時(shi)期(qi)的污染物排放量與(yu)允許排放量,減排量與(yu)環境質(zhi)量改善之間對(dui)應(ying)的關系,構建區域及時(shi)空尺度上差(cha)別化的總(zong)量控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目標體系,充分利用區域環境容量資源,為優(you)化園(yuan)區控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)總(zong)量分配方式提供技術支撐。
園(yuan)區規劃環(huan)(huan)評銜接“三(san)線一單”總(zong)量(liang)控制目標(biao)體系。以滿足環(huan)(huan)境質量(liang)改善目標(biao)為前(qian)提,分別測算(suan)園(yuan)區現(xian)有(you)源(yuan)和(he)新增源(yuan)允許排(pai)放總(zong)量(liang),基于固(gu)定污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)貢獻率(lv),將不(bu)同季(ji)節(jie)、不(bu)同水期的(de)(de)園(yuan)區允許排(pai)放總(zong)量(liang)分解到固(gu)定污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan),作為固(gu)定污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)排(pai)污(wu)(wu)許可(ke)證申請總(zong)量(liang)的(de)(de)依據。對超(chao)標(biao)園(yuan)區,還應基于區域環(huan)(huan)境質量(liang)改善方案和(he)園(yuan)區強(qiang)化減(jian)排(pai)方案,結合污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)減(jian)排(pai)潛力分析,按(an)倍量(liang)削減(jian)或等(deng)量(liang)替代(dai)的(de)(de)實施(shi)路徑,提出(chu)現(xian)有(you)固(gu)定污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)減(jian)排(pai)總(zong)量(liang),落(luo)實到各現(xian)有(you)固(gu)定污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)。
鑒(jian)于園(yuan)區(qu)固定(ding)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)基本實現污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)集中收集處理(li)(li),建議(yi)以滿足園(yuan)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)廠(chang)尾水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)受納(na)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環境功能區(qu)要求(qiu)或達到(dao)環境質量(liang)(liang)改善目標要求(qiu)為前提,核算園(yuan)區(qu)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)廠(chang)排(pai)(pai)放口允許(xu)排(pai)(pai)放量(liang)(liang)(或削(xue)減量(liang)(liang)),作為園(yuan)區(qu)固定(ding)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)許(xu)可(ke)總量(liang)(liang),并分(fen)配到(dao)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)廠(chang)服務范(fan)圍內(nei)的各固定(ding)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)口。另外,為便于排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)口管(guan)理(li)(li),建議(yi)固定(ding)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)許(xu)可(ke)不(bu)僅規定(ding)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)排(pai)(pai)放量(liang)(liang)、污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物類型,還應載明污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的排(pai)(pai)放去(qu)向。對未納(na)管(guan)的園(yuan)區(qu)固定(ding)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan),根(gen)據(ju)不(bu)同情形,在排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)許(xu)可(ke)證核發中提出控制(zhi)要求(qiu)。
完善、優化總量控制指標
強(qiang)化(hua)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)實施過程中(zhong)的重大(da)(da)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)跟蹤監測及(ji)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)環(huan)境影響(xiang)跟蹤評(ping)價,根(gen)據(ju)園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)入駐產(chan)業污(wu)(wu)染(ran)特征,動(dong)態調整、優化(hua)園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)總量控(kong)制(zhi)指標(biao),并強(qiang)化(hua)與固(gu)定(ding)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)排污(wu)(wu)許可互動(dong)。及(ji)時將(jiang)可能(neng)產(chan)生重大(da)(da)不(bu)良(liang)環(huan)境影響(xiang)或重大(da)(da)環(huan)境風(feng)險的特征污(wu)(wu)染(ran)因子及(ji)固(gu)定(ding)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)排污(wu)(wu)許可主要控(kong)制(zhi)的特征污(wu)(wu)染(ran)因子,增(zeng)補為園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)總量控(kong)制(zhi)因子,確(que)保園(yuan)區(qu)(qu)總量控(kong)制(zhi)因子覆蓋規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)實施過程中(zhong)的主要特征污(wu)(wu)染(ran)因子。
落實減(jian)污降碳協(xie)同共治要求,對以石化、化工、電力、鋼鐵(tie)、建材(cai)、有色金(jin)屬、冶金(jin)、造紙等重點碳排(pai)放(fang)(fang)行業為主導的園區(qu),將二(er)氧化碳增(zeng)補為總量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制指標,并核(he)算其(qi)允許排(pai)放(fang)(fang)量(liang)(liang),分(fen)配至各固定污染源(yuan),載入排(pai)污許可。
科學優化(hua)(hua)總(zong)量(liang)控制(zhi)表(biao)(biao)征(zheng)指(zhi)標(biao)。為彌補COD表(biao)(biao)征(zheng)范圍有限的問(wen)題,建議嘗試將園(yuan)區總(zong)量(liang)控制(zhi)指(zhi)標(biao)COD調整為表(biao)(biao)征(zheng)水體有機(ji)(ji)物質總(zong)量(liang)的綜合(he)指(zhi)標(biao)TOC。由(you)于TOC多(duo)(duo)采用燃燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)—非分散紅(hong)外法(fa)測(ce)定(ding),對有機(ji)(ji)物的氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)比較完全,大多(duo)(duo)數情況下氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)率(lv)可達(da)到98%以(yi)上,可表(biao)(biao)征(zheng)水體中苯、吡啶等芳(fang)香烴類有毒有害物質,因此TOC更能準確反(fan)映水體的有機(ji)(ji)污(wu)染程(cheng)度。固定(ding)污(wu)染源VOCs排放源建議采用碳氫化(hua)(hua)合(he)物總(zong)量(liang)(THC)代(dai)替NMHC的表(biao)(biao)征(zheng)方法(fa),以(yi)解決(jue)NMHC采用色(se)譜柱法(fa)或者催化(hua)(hua)法(fa)分離非甲烷有機(ji)(ji)物過程(cheng)的效率(lv)受有機(ji)(ji)物種(zhong)類影響的問(wen)題。
構建工作銜接機制
完善(shan)區(qu)域總(zong)(zong)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)管理(li)體系,以(yi)區(qu)域“三線一單(dan)”及園區(qu)規劃(hua)環(huan)評允(yun)許排(pai)放量(liang)研(yan)究成果為依據,建立行政區(qu)—園區(qu)—固定污染源的(de)(de)精細化總(zong)(zong)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)管理(li)構架,實(shi)現基于容量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)指標從宏觀到微(wei)觀尺(chi)度的(de)(de)逐層落實(shi),以(yi)高(gao)效的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)管理(li)推進區(qu)域環(huan)境質量(liang)改善(shan)目標的(de)(de)實(shi)現。
夯實(shi)園區(qu)管理(li)機構主體(ti)責任,強調其對園區(qu)環(huan)境質(zhi)量(liang)改(gai)善(shan)和總量(liang)控制(zhi)負責,強化對園區(qu)管委會園區(qu)總量(liang)控制(zhi)指標的(de)考核。園區(qu)管委會應(ying)執(zhi)行園區(qu)規(gui)劃環(huan)評提出的(de)建(jian)設項目(mu)環(huan)境準(zhun)入標準(zhun),倒逼高污(wu)染(ran)、高能(neng)耗產業(ye)退(tui)出,嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)固(gu)定污(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)污(wu)染(ran)物排(pai)放許可(ke)總量(liang)。同(tong)時,園區(qu)管委會還應(ying)執(zhi)行園區(qu)跟蹤監測管理(li)、跟蹤評價要(yao)求,根據區(qu)域環(huan)境質(zhi)量(liang)改(gai)善(shan)目(mu)標變化,動態調整園區(qu)總量(liang)控制(zhi)指標和固(gu)定污(wu)染(ran)源(yuan)排(pai)污(wu)許可(ke)總量(liang)。
落實(shi)企業自(zi)證守(shou)法責任。要求企業自(zi)覺按照排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)許可(ke)相關(guan)管理(li)要求,根(gen)據園區分配的排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)許可(ke)量,自(zi)覺申報固定污(wu)(wu)染(ran)源污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物排(pai)(pai)放濃度、排(pai)(pai)放量,進行(xing)排(pai)(pai)污(wu)(wu)行(xing)為自(zi)我監管。
來(lai)源:環評觀察